Delegation vs Empowerment Essay

Appointment and strengthening are significant ideas in the board for pioneers and supervisors. These are instruments in the possession of directors that they should utilize wisely to accomplish the objectives of the association while persuading the workers to accomplish better and improved profitability. We realize that to assign is to allot errands to representatives guiding them and in what way. Strengthening, There are a lot more contrasts between the two ideas of strengthening and designation that will be discussed in this article. What is Delegation? At the point when an administrator offers errands to subordinates requesting that they complete them according to bearings and cutoff time, he should appoint authority at various levels. Representatives are made mindful and responsible for the assignment depended with them. Appointment of intensity and authority is regular in all circumstances and conditions however it is with regards to an association that assignment turns into a device in the possession of administrators to accomplish the objectives of the association best. On the off chance that you look into the word reference, the demonstration of appointment in its action word structure alludes to the way toward offering power to workers entrusting them with assignments. The characteristic inclination in designation is the order or what the director expects structure the subordinates. Appointment is absolutely thought of regarding hierarchical advantages with nothing in it for the employees’ inspiration or positive socia l changes. It must be recalled that appointment of power additionally includes assignment of convention as there is consistently a lot of directions or rules as per which the worker needs to get the undertaking finished. What is Empowerment? Strengthening is a term that has become exceptionally typical nowadays with papers utilizing the word in articles and television shows on TV having specialists discussing the need to enable the retrogressive and oppressed areas of the general public. Strengthening alludes to the way toward giving individuals more command over their circumstances and lives. In simply authoritative arrangement, engaging representatives is demonstrating trust and confidence in them while giving them duties. Strengthening is accepted to rouse workers as they feelâ more in charge of the circumstance. At the point when manager makes somebody accountable for an office and permits him to run it as he considers fit, it is seen that the worker has more certainty and delivers preferred outcomes over when he is appointed position and requested to run the division as indicated by set standards and convention. Strengthening is a procedure that demonstrates regard to workers setting trust in their capacities. Whil e authoritative objectives remain the final products, worker interests are utilized as intends to accomplish these outcomes. What is the contrast among Delegation and Empowerment? †¢ To accomplish the objectives of the association, utilizing representatives, administrators can utilize either appointment or strengthening †¢ While assignment is tied in with utilizing workers as intends to accomplish closes, strengthening attempts to cause workers to feel significant as it is a procedure that spots trust in the capacities of the representatives †¢ Some directors have dread of disintegration of power which is the reason they use designation over strengthening

Robert Lewis Stevenson free essay sample

The most noticeable truly devise utilized by Stevenson to make interest is the numerous stories in the novella by various characters. Albeit the majority of the story is told from Mr. Utterson’s perspective (a legal counselor and fundamental figure), key pieces of the story are told from Dr. Lanyon (companion of Mr. Utterson and Dr. Jekyll) and the closure by Dr. Jekyll (maker of the â€Å"personality-switch† mixture and therefore Mr. Hyde). Moreover, every account is transmitted to the peruser by various media, for example, narrating, discourse and letters. This implies the peruser doesn’t simply get one perspective of the occasions, but instead three, every one of an alternate one. This intrigues the peruser concerning what every storyteller will uncover about the happenings in the story and makes a lot of interest. A subsequent significant devise utilized in the novella is character. The figure of Mr. Hyde and his mystery personality is continually pursued by the primary character (Mr. We will compose a custom article test on Robert Lewis Stevenson or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Utterson) and is identified with exceedingly significant occasions in the story (from Dr. Jekyll’s will to Sir Danver’s murder). The peruser is never appropriately portrayed the external appearance of Hyde since all the data resealed about him originates from second hands, â€Å"he is an exceptional looking man†¦ I can’t depict him† (page 15). Besides the bizarre association between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (the protege of Dr. Jekyll) interests the peruser significantly further, since Jekyll is viewed as a good man and Hyde a detestable one and Hyde’s unusual vanishings appear to be associated with that of Dr. Jekyll, who professes to be â€Å"ill† however the peruser discovers later he isn't. However it is additionally using differentiating symbolism that Stevenson accomplishes interest in his novella. The fundamental difference is in the utilization of that of dim and light symbolism, which is principally present in the two â€Å"personalities† of Dr. Jekyll, the â€Å"good side†, himself, and his â€Å"bad side†, Mr. Hyde. The idea of both this characters’ activities varie from one another since Jekyll is depicted as doing just great, â€Å"whilst he had consistently been known for noble cause, he was presently no less recognized for religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 40), while Hyde for abhorrent, â€Å"the man stomped on smoothly over the child’s body and left her shouting on the ground†. Despite the fact that Jekyll and Hyde are two separate personalities thus hence their activities, they do share one body, which challenges the peruser and interests him with respect to how such thing is conceivable. Anyway not exclusively are actually devises used to make extraordinary interest by Stevenson, yet in addition the very plot itself. All through the novella, numerous unanswered inquiries are left open until the finish of the story (â€Å"Henry Jekyll’s full Statement of the Case†), which the peruser continues asking himself all through the novel. Questions, for example, â€Å"Who is Mr. Hyde? †, â€Å"How is Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde associated? † and later â€Å"What is Dr. Jekyll covering up? † are continually asked by the peruser since they make the base for the plot. This makes the peruser continually inquisitive and tested, making him need to peruse further on to discover the appropriate responses. All through the novella â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde†, Stevenson accomplishes incredible interest and interest on the reader’s part by utilizing not just actually devises, for example, character and symbolism, yet in addition through media, for example, account and facetious inquiries also. It is through these that the novel figures out how to get the reader’s prompt consideration and make him need to continue perusing till the finish of the book.

Writing a Poetry Essay - 4 Tips to Help You Write a Good One

Writing a Poetry Essay - 4 Tips to Help You Write a Good OneWriting a poetry essay should be easy, but if you are just starting out with poetry writing then it is going to be difficult at first. You are going to need to get into the habit of making good poetry that you can use for your essay, and you want to be able to get a good poetry essay published as well. Here are some tips that will help you make your poetry essays easier.The first thing that you need to do is start writing. This sounds obvious, but if you don't write something first you are not going to have anything to write. Keep in mind that you should have a lot of things to write about and if you aren't ready to start yet then you need to move ahead with the writing. Once you know what you want to write about, you can start writing.Next, write a few poems to read for inspiration. Then when you get the poetry you want to write, you can start writing a short poem for each one. Once you have a couple of poems for each topic , then you can go back and see if you have any topics that you haven't yet written about. It will help if you can start with a short topic so that you can concentrate on it and then continue to write poems that will link all of your different topics together.Think about what types of things you want to say in each of your poems. If you want to tell a love story, then include a description of what the lover looks like or what they smell like. If you want to talk about being separated from a loved one, then talk about the long distance that you felt during that time.There are many different types of poems that you can write and some are longer than others. When you start writing poems, you should try to keep it between five hundred and two thousand words. Anything longer will be hard to read if youare trying to create an easy-to-read essay that gets people's attention.The most important thing when you are writing poetry is to make sure that you are telling a good story. If you aren't writing a good story then you won't be able to get your reader to invest their time in reading your poem. Make sure that you are telling a good story and that you are being consistent with what you want to say.When you are writing a poetry essay, make sure that you don't overlook the part of your topic that you want to focus on. If you are trying to write about the death of a loved one, then include something about their death and how you felt after it happened. If you want to talk about the fall of a loved one, then talk about how the person seemed to get stronger and older over time.If you want to tell a story, then include some background information about the person that you are writing about. You might want to give them some details about their childhood and what happened before they were born. This will help to make the story of the poem come alive for the reader. Use these tips and make sure that you have a well-written poem to share with the world.

Gun Control Laws Or Outlawing Guns - 933 Words

You wont my guns? You can have my guns when you pry them from my cold, dead hands. The debate over if guns are too dangerous to own have ben going on for a long time and With both sides making very good points. Stricter gun control laws or outlawing guns does not end violence. The Constitution grants American’s the right to bear arms. Since the beginning of the United states,â€Å"The Land of the Free?† guns have been a big part of shaping the country. We have, and continue to use this tool for hunting, sporting, Protection of once family, and for the nation, and from if needed. Gun rights are a constitutional privilege that should not be any more regulated. Where would we be now if it was not of are right to bear arms? â€Å"During world war 2 and the early cold war, as Americans were seeing Nazis and communists could inflict tyranny and murder because guns had previously been registered and confiscated. consider there steps: 1 registration, 2 confiscation, 3 extermination. steps 1 and 2 do not always result in step 3. but step 3† is almost aways preceded by step 1 and 2. ( David B. Kopel) luckily for americans we have (for now) The Second Amendment, It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments composing the Bill of Rights:â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† shall not be infringed â€Å"act so as to limit or undermine.† So why is it beingShow MoreRelatedEffects of Gun Control Essay example1723 Words   |  7 Pagesnewspaper, watch the television, or listen to the radio with out hearing about some type of gun violence. Perhaps the main reason for such high gun violence is that guns are so plentiful in the Unites States. In fact, there are sixty five million handguns in America (The `facts about Guns). These guns contribute to an annual medical cost of fourteen billion dollars, which is spent solely on treating gun victims (Handguns in America). Not surprisingly, handguns are the cause of eighty percentRead MoreModern Government vs. Second Amendment694 Words   |  3 PagesWill outlawing handguns make the United States a safer home for its citizens? Due to random shootings and gun related massacres that have occurred in public places such as schools, many people believe so (Richman). Although this is a major problem that needs to be dealt with, artilleries are commonly used by law-abiding citizens just as much as felons. In fact, there are about 100,000 defensive gun uses every year (Huemer 47). Many people refer to the Second Amendment when ar guing about gun controlRead MorePublic Gun Control And The United States1732 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Gun Control in the United States Gun Control in the United States of America is a sensitive (understatement) topic that has resulted in various criticism and support by many citizens of the United States (also an understatement). Some citizens believe that the guns don t kill people; it is the people that kill people while others believe that guns lead to violence and a feeling of control and power over others. The belief of some is that if firearms were to be eliminated from the publicRead MoreAn Argument Against Gun Control Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesfederal law to outlaw all guns would be more effective at disarming law-abiding citizens than at disarming the criminals who abuse them. If guns were outlawed, the criminals would not stop carrying guns, but the good, law-abiding citizens would. It would do nothing about the illegally obtained handguns in the possession of criminals. In The NRA is Right, Josh Sugarmann states that â€Å"One tenet of the National Rifle Association’s faith has always been that handgun controls do littleRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control902 Words   |  4 Pagesthe man, the mob and the state.† – Tiffany Madison Gun control has been the essential matter in the United States of America for some time presently. Gun control is a painstaking argument of the significance of established gun law and Second Amendment. The transformation between previous years and the current time, in which the Amendment was drafted and how the severely increased the killing power of modern firearms, makes suggestions to the laws constructed two centuries ago obsolescent. As AmericansRead MoreGun Violence : Shouldn t We Or Should We1234 Words   |  5 PagesGun Violence: Shouldn’t we or Should We The debate of gun control or violence has gained momentum after the Sandy Hook Elementary Aurora and school, Colorado film theater shootings. People feel sympathetic for the families who lost their lives in a horrifying way. There is a common saying, people kill people, gun do not kill, the paper explores the validity of the statement. The debate should be whether the issues or challenge is gun access or the individual with trigger access. The researcherRead MoreWhy The Democratic Party Is An Important Part Of America s Society974 Words   |  4 Pagesto be altered and the democratic party represents the change that America needs. The democratic party best represents an ever-changing society by exemplifying the desires of the citizens as is apparent in their policies in regards to abortion, gun control, and same-sex marriage. To begin with, the Democratic Party is superior in regards to abortion because this party represents citizens more than republicans. In the Democratic standpoint, we believe that it’s a woman’s choice if she wants to keepRead MoreGun Control and the Bill of Rights Essay710 Words   |  3 Pageswhy would anyone try to ban firearms in the U.S? Guns have been a part of American history since we declared independence from Britain in 1776. Many people believe that removing weapons from the hands of citizens is the only way to stop criminals from shooting down people at malls and kids at schools, but this is not the case. Outlawing guns is not the answer for effectively reducing gun crime. According to Wikipedia, a firearm is a portable gun, being a barreled weapon that launches one or moreRead MoreGun Violence Vs. Gun Rights Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Gun Violence Vs Gun Rights The debate between gun control and gun rights is one topic that can affect all culture and lifestyle implications. It goes beyond just the notion of I like guns vs. guns are dangerous. Some of the main arguments for and against gun control and gun rights are that Gun are dangerous to those who have some sort of mental disorder vs gun are to protect and service this nation. Which will of course bring up arguments for more restrictive gun laws. As society continuesRead More Comparing Gun Control Laws in Kentucky, USA and Germany Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesJefferson once said, guns and their capabilities have changed history throughout the world and have affected all most everyone living in today’s society. Gun control and gun polices have created an upheaval among a growing amount of nations. With increasing gun rate crime and the ease of accessibility to obtain firearms in some places in the world, states inside America and countries around the world have altered its stanc e on gun control and their laws. From strong gun control and strict trafficking

The Great Blizzard of 1888

Capitalism Is The Most Recognized Economic System

Capitalism Capitalism refers to an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and are run for profit. I found this to be a very important concept as capitalism is the most recognized economic system in the world today. It also plays a very fundamental role in the world politics today as both national and international policies are greatly affected by capitalism and trade between one country and another. The issue of capitalism is important to me as a political science student as it allows me to understand the how prominent business people impact of the politics of any given state. Capitalism is characterized by elements such as competitive markets, capital accumulation, and salaried labor. Within this type of an economy, those partaking in a transaction posses the power to determine the prices at which goods, services and other assets are exchanged. In the free market economy, the state is allowed to intervene in the pricing of products and it provides signi ficant services to its citizens in form of unemployment benefits, social security, and the recognition of labor laws. State capitalism refers to the form of capitalism in which the state owns the means of productions and organizes its state enterprises as commercial and profit-seeking enterprises. Mercantilism is the form of capitalism that is illustrated by intertwining state interests and national business interests. There are other forms of capitalism including the mixed economy and corporateShow MoreRelatedCapitalism And Capitalism883 Words   |  4 Pagesform Capitalism. Capitalism in essence, is a system of economic value in which private ownership is the source of production (Such as factories, and farming). Goods are produced and in return, income and profit are gained. The generally accepted characteristics of what Capitalism is, such as private property rights, specialization of jobs, profits, division of labour, did not originate around Capitalism. In actuality, these were just the stepping stones into the more known economic system we knowRead MoreThe Economic Structure Of Feudal Society983 Words   |  4 PagesEmerging, as Marx posits, â€Å"out of the economic structure of feudal society,† Capitalism quickly became a pervasive, relentless and seemingly inescapable structure. â€Å"The emancipation from serfdom and from the fetters of the guild† led, on one hand, to the unprecedented creation of various economic and social opportunities. Conversely, Marx also acknowledges that â€Å"these new freedmen became sellers of themsel ves only after they had been robbed of all their own means of production, and of all the guaranteesRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1326 Words   |  6 Pagesforces, among them capitalism, technology, globalization, and issues of equality. Describe these forces in detail and analyze their impact on the structure and culture workplace. Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system that is based on the private ownership of capital or the means of production and the creation of goods and services for profit. Some of the elements central to capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets and a price system. Capitalism has been dominantRead MoreIndustrialization During The Industrial Revolution913 Words   |  4 Pagesborder amongst the wealthy and the underprivileged. As a result of building trust on companies to play a role in income, Capitalism was consequently determinedly renowned as the existing economy that we still customized until this day. What is Industrialization? Industrialization is described as the development of modifying from an agriculture and artisanal social and economic system to an industrialized program. This process needs creating and implementing technological elements such as mechanizationRead MoreImperialism And Consumerism1365 Words   |  6 Pages Imperialism as a driving force behind the structures of capitalism and consumerism has stood as an extremely powerful tool taken on by many influential economic world powers. The occidentalist concept of importing goods for consumption from less developed peripheral nations, in recent history, has become a concept with heavy influence. This idea of creating a production dichotomy has become foundational to the modern and increasingly connected world and its means of efficient production by trade;Read MorePersonal Freedom And Capitalism Of The United States1417 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction. Personal freedom and capitalism go hand-in-hand in America’s rise to economic power. As Friedman (1980) states you cannot have political freedom without economic freedom and by allowing one you provide the opportunity for the other to flourish(p. 2). Early in the history of the United States, the government allowed the market to operate freely and followed The Do Nothing Policy to produce both economic prosperity and freedom for her citizens. By allowing this system to work naturally withinRead MoreChina s Impact On China1321 Words   |  6 Pages Moreover, after setting up economic institutions and an industrial base, Deng Xiaoping established various Special Economic Zones in China that allowed for increased foreign investment, helping to develop China’s commercial growth. As described before, when Deng Xiaoping came to power, his goal was for China to fulfill the Four Modernizations: modernization in agriculture; industry; science and technology; and defense. Deng believed that the only way China could keep up with Western countries wasRead MoreThe Influence of the Communist Manifesto on the Development of Industrial Capitalism1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthe dominating economic system of the twenty-first century. In the later nineteenth century, however, industrial capitalism was on the brink of ruin. â€Å"On many occasions during the past century, Marxists have thought that capitalism was down for the count . . . Yet it has always come back with renewed strength.† Industrial capitalism succeeded in the face of communism, despite numerous economic disasters. As the capitalist economists hopefully noted at the time, these economic earthquakes, temporaryRead MoreVideo Case Study Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesExplain the role of capitalism in the 100-year growth of Nederlander Concerts. How does Nederlander benefit from each of the fundamental rights of capitalism? 1.Capitalism is a free market system, based on private ownership, economic freedom, and fair competition. This economic system creates great possibilities for economic growth and wealth for businesses, countries and societies. Nedrelander Concerts is one of the companies that had successful growth during the past 100 years by operating inRead MoreThe Theory Of The Leisure Class Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagessocial commentary and an unquestioning dogmatism of its contents in everyday academic discourse verging on the commonsensical. It was written in 1899; a place in history where late capitalism or postmodernity is seldom to be imagined by even the most gifted of social critics. The book, itself, is a treatise on economics and a detailed social critique of conspicuous consumption as a function of both social class and consumerism. It is derived from the social stratification of people and the division

Mobile Computing Services and Mobile Platforms

Question: Discuss about theMobile Computing for Services and Mobile Platforms. Answer: Introduction The motivation for the location based services is based on assisting the right information at the real time with a proper personalized setup. In this present era, the focus has been mainly on dealing with the smartphones which can replace the desktops for the computation. There have been needs that cater with the help of the LBS. This has been able to have a considerable growth with the increased Portable Personal Digital Assistance based e-commerce. There have been increased customer awareness with the support of the government initiative who are playing a major role in the adoption, motivation of the vendors and the start-ups. (Li et al., 2015). With the proper analysis of the detailed service, technology, and the social issues, there is a need to apply the development and adoption of the location-based services. As per the standardization, the big effort is made when there is a network and application side. This includes the release of the 3G networks and the programs which incur to the location technology independency. Discussion of the Articles According to Vanjire et al., they have focused on the Android Operating system mobile platform which consists of the virtual machine that can run on the Linux Kernel with the APIs. Hence, there have been LBS services where the mobile application has been found to be completely dependent on the location of the mobile device. (Shen et al., 2015). With this, there has been a repositioning of the LBS applications for properly determining the mobile device of the user. The problem has been clearly stated to determine the understanding of the current landscape of the location-based services and the factors which influence the service development. Renuka et al. have focused on analyzing the factors which have a major impact on the location-based services. As per the research, there have been current location based investigations to properly determine the transactions to a commercialized transaction that is conducted through the network interface with the wireless devices. (Hu et al., 2015). The problem has been clearly stated where the LBA is the mobile computing application which can provide the information and enough functionality to the users as per the geographical location. The research has been able to cover the research literature where there has been a focus on the new area for the developers who focus on the cellular services, network operations, and the service providers to help and develop the value added services. This advice the clients of the current conditions along with providing them enough information which helps the users to find the shopping malls and the other important things. (Jung et al., 2015). The wireless communication technology can combine with the Internet-enabled terminals where there has been the realization of business transactions. The technological infrastructure consists of the mobile networks, terminals and the positioning of the technologies. This involves the actors and the mobile users to provide a proper content. The M-commerce has been considered to be the best-emerging topic in the recent times. (Boticki et al., 2015). According to Renuka, the development of the mobile networks is based on the time division multiple access, global system for the mobile and the code division multiple access. This is based on handling the 2G networks with a certain capacity range. With the downstream and upstream records, there is proper allowing the users to manage the location to access the rights of the different applications for the third-party. (Zhu et al., 2015). This includes the location information along with holding the operations which are the person or the device oriented. The mobile e-commerce has been able to set a proper LBS communication where there is a possibility to support the GPRS, Bluetooth, and MMS inbuilt or the attachable camera. There have been sophisticated patterns where the platform is set for the operation systems to take hold of the complete location independence. For satisfying the objectives of the journal work, there has been a qualitative research. The major characteristics have been that it can deliver the small samples with the outcome which are not considered to be completely quantifiable. (Sanakulov et al., 2015). The basic focus has been to offer the description and analysis without the limitations of the research and the nature of the response. The effective qualitative research is based on the skills and the abilities of the researchers. There have been results which are based on: The qualitative research that aims for the complete description that has been performed in the work. The researchers may only be recommended at the earlier phase of the project where the design is completely unfolded. The data gathering has been in the form of words, pictures and the objects. The subjective individual interpretation of the events is important with the in-depth interviews. The researcher needs to focus on immersing the subjective matters. The qualitative research is based on the documents, interviews and the observations. With the multiple data sources, one can provide the rich source of information which has been used widely. (Liao et al., 2015). The quantitative research is based on the aim to classify the features with counting and constructing the models mainly. There has been a major recommendation on the different phases of the research. The tools like the objectives and the database surveys have been important and can cover a larger portion of the research. The limitation is based on the scope of the data sources. As per the research, there have been certain confidentiality reasons which are based on the emergency services that are for the tracking, navigation, information and billing. The operators can provide the information with the protection of privacy. (Andrews et al., 2016). Considering the research, there have been a focus on the person oriented applications with the service which is user based and applying the focus on the applications to determine the position of the person. The control is based on the device oriented applications that have the external use which focuses on the needs and the tracking of the theft. According to Renuka et al., the focus has been on the application layer and the middleware layer to handle the operations of the network. This will be able to simplify the integration components with the data collection and analysis. As per the GIS application package, there is a possibility to create edit and analyze the spatial and attribute data which contains the package of the GIS functions. (Goggin et al., 2015). Vanjire has been focusing on location tracking through the keeping of the records on the current user locations and then notifying the other components as well about the same. The support is based on sending the notification to users with the determination of a distinct location that defined the geo-casting features. There have been certain queries of location tracking to generate the movement models. The research approach is based on the specific observations and the theories so that a proper conclusion can be inferred from this. Hence, the major weakness of the inductive approach is that it can produce the generalized theories and the conclusions which are based on the smaller number of the observations along with the reliability results. (Paschke, 2016). With the changing information and technology, the countries have been able to improve the competition between the operators of mobile emergency services where there is a trend in the world to accelerate the location based service development. As per the study, there has been proper telecommunication process which can provide the new services and the technology help to the people. But there have been restrictions which are based on the control traffic flow and the malicious network which can cause a disruption in the network. Hence, it is important to focus on the multi-hop broadcasting which will help in a proper evaluation of the message and avoid the broadcast storming problems. In this, the research process is based on handling the participation with the nature of explaining the scope of the study. The data has been analyzed depending upon the personal interviews, and the major advantage for the same is the analysis of the content. This helps in holding a proper result with the measurements done through the quantitative techniques. This gives the ability for the researchers to properly structure the data that has been collected with the ability to satisfy the accomplishments of the research objectives. (Andrew et al., 2016). As per the research, there have been systems to determine the location of the mobile object which is based on tracking, positioning and the cell of origin. This includes the tracking which is equipped properly with the specific tags or the badges. It allows the sensor networks to easily acquire the positions where the information of the location is important. The object needs to handle the location of the data with the sensor networks that have been to transfer the information. For the location-based services, the mobile services have been able to have a considerable growth that is based on the network technology which includes the 2G and 3G network. The "always-on" data connection with the higher rates of the data transfer includes the charging with the per user value processes. The technology involves the standardization where the effort has been made to the vendors and the other parties to promote the solution for the location based services which are mainly the network and the lo cation technology. As per the current study approach, there have been participants who reported about their acceptance of the participation in the research through the signed consent and the Briefing letter. The sample members have been asked to sing a Debriefing letter and the Withdrawal letter as well, where the aim has been to make sure that the participation has been in the research which is completely voluntary based on the free withdrawal procedures for any point and anytime. (Goggin et al., 2015). The participants were also informed about the objectives of the study which included the confidential treatment and the academic purposes based on the research. There is a need to focus on the research where the participants are not harmed and abused both physically and psychologically. This is mainly through the conduction of the research where in contrast the researcher can create and maintain the climate of comfort. For a proper research, there is a need for the interviews which are used for the personal and the unstructured aims. This will help in identifying about the emotions, feelings and the opinions which are about the particular research. The major focus has been on the interviews which will involve the personal and the direct contact and eliminate the non-responsive rates. The interviewers need to handle the development of necessary skills to carry the interview. Hence, for the unstructured interviews, this offer a flexibility with the flow that leaves the room for the generation of conclusion. With the risks that the data collection may have, there is a need to properly conduct the research which involves the semi-structured questionnaire and the interview guide for the researcher. This helps in setting a satisfaction of the research objectives with certain additional questions that are made to encounter at the time of interview. Hence, the data collection includes the questionnaires: How the issues are addressed for achieving a proper and a rapid development? How there have been differences which might be able to slow down the progress depending upon the location based service development and the mobile ecommerce? The positioning technology has been able to cover the short range wireless technology to handle the wider area of the mobile telecommunication network which covers both the indoor and the outdoor applications. The project focuses on how to handle the infrastructure with the wireless networking technology. The focus has been on the technology constraints which enable the growth of the LBS which has a wider availability of the GPS-enabled handsets. The infrastructure constraints are considered to be the major problem where the paper proposed the development of the Android Application that has been able to provide a different location based service like the changing of the profile of the mobile. This includes the location positioning technologies, query processing, and the cache management which are important to set the applications in an effective manner. (Paczkowski et al., 2016). The research is about the time of the arrival and the signals that are transferred between the transmitter and the receiver. A proper GIS is important for incorporating the geographical features inorder to map, analyze and assess the real world problems. The application software package has been able to handle the creation, editing and analyzing the attribute data with the entry of the data in the upstream locations information. The device oriented applications are external to the user which focus on the position of the person. Hence, the research has been done adequately depending upon the technology. The major focus has been on finding the accurate location through the research which fixes in meters where the users can cover the positions with a different accuracy of the location. This can provide the personal with the best model support to obtain the user locations. The method of the sampling has been able to develop the research which can categorize the non-probability sampling techniques. The method belongs to the sample members who are selected by the knowledge, technology and the relationships of the research project. There has been involvement of the understanding with proper research about the raw data which concerns about the destination location. Conclusion With the changing positioning technology, there has been certain short range wireless technology to cover the wide area mobile communication network and the location based services which are important for both the indoor and the outdoor applications. The research has mainly been focusing on how to approach towards the android locations API to retrieve the Location information of the user. (Goggin et al., 2015). This includes the location manager where the class can provide proper access to the location service with the facilitate to get the best location provider. Through this, there has been a proper setup of the applications to provide the API access to the Google maps. The analysis is based on the LBS deployment with the operating system capability, user interface design and the positioning techniques that can hold the network capabilities. References Vanjire, S., Kanchan, U., Shitole, G. and Patil, P., 2014. Location Based Services on Smart Phone through the Android Application.provider,3(1). Renuka, B., Poojary, M. and Babu, B.R., 2012. Location Based Services on Mobile E-Commerce. Li, W., Zhao, Y., Lu, S. and Chen, D., 2015. Mechanisms and challenges on mobility-augmented service provisioning for mobile cloud computing.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(3), pp.89-97. Brush, A.J.B., Krumm, J.C., Amini, S., Karlson, A., Teevan, J. and Priyantha, N.A.B., Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc, 2015.Mobile search based on predicted location. U.S. Patent 9,134,137. Shen, S., Tokusei, K., Yan, W.P., Nguyen, G. and Miller, S., Google Inc., 2016.Distributing mobile advertisements. U.S. Patent 9,251,520. Hu, X., Chu, T.H., Leung, V.C., Ngai, E.C.H., Kruchten, P. and Chan, H.C., 2015. A survey on mobile social networks: Applications, platforms, system architectures, and future research directions.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(3), pp.1557-1581. Wang, X., Sun, K., Wang, Y. and Jing, J., 2015, February. DeepDroid: Dynamically Enforcing Enterprise Policy on Android Devices. InNDSS. Jung, H. and Chung, K., 2015. Sequential pattern profiling based bio-detection for smart health service.Cluster Computing,18(1), pp.209-219. Boticki, I., Baksa, J., Seow, P. and Looi, C.K., 2015. Usage of a mobile social learning platform with virtual badges in a primary school.Computers Education,86, pp.120-136. Zhu, C., Leung, V.C., Yang, L.T. and Shu, L., 2015. Collaborative Location-Based Sleep Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks Integratedwith Mobile Cloud Computing.IEEE Transactions on Computers,64(7), pp.1844-1856. Sanakulov, N. and Karjaluoto, H., 2015. Consumer adoption of mobile technologies: a literature review.International Journal of Mobile Communications,13(3), pp.244-275. Liao, T. and Humphreys, L., 2015. Layar-ed places: Using mobile augmented reality to tactically reengage, reproduce, and reappropriate public space.new media society,17(9), pp.1418-1435. Andrews, M., Goehring, J., Hui, S., Pancras, J. and Thornswood, L., 2016. Mobile Promotions: A Framework and Research Priorities.Journal of Interactive Marketing,34, pp.15-24. Goggin, G., Martin, F. and Dwyer, T., 2015. Locative news: Mobile media, place informatics, and digital news.Journalism Studies,16(1), pp.41-59. Paschke, A., 2016. Provalets: Component-Based Mobile Agents as Microservices for Rule-Based Data Access, Processing and Analytics.Business Information Systems Engineering,58(5), pp.329-340. Paczkowski, L.W., Parsel, W.M., Persson, C.J. and Schlesener, M.C., Sprint Communications Company LP, 2016.Network based temporary trust extension to a remote or mobile device enabled via specialized cloud services. U.S. Patent 9,230,085. Goggin, G., Martin, F. and Dwyer, T., 2015. Locative news: Mobile media, place informatics, and digital news.Journalism Studies,16(1), pp.41-59. Andrews, M., Goehring, J., Hui, S., Pancras, J. and Thornswood, L., 2016. Mobile Promotions: A Framework and Research Priorities.Journal of Interactive Marketing,34, pp.15-24. Boticki, I., Baksa, J., Seow, P. and Looi, C.K., 2015. Usage of a mobile social learning platform with virtual badges in a primary school.Computers Education,86, pp.120-136. Li, W., Zhao, Y., Lu, S. and Chen, D., 2015. Mechanisms and challenges on mobility-augmented service provisioning for mobile cloud computing.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(3), pp.89-97.

Great Expectations-How Does Dickens Use Setting free essay sample

?How does Dickens use setting in Great Expectations to show characters feelings + situations? Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, during the Victorian era. In 1822, when Dickens was ten, the family relocated from Kent [where they had moved when Dickens was 5] to Camden Town, London. These places of residence are symbolic of certain occurances in Dickens life; throughout the novel, these areas play an avid role in the creation and development of the characters situations and feelings. This essay shall explore the numerous ways in which Dickens uses setting to portray his characters feelings and situations in Great Expectations. In the opening chapter, we are introduced to the novels protagonist Phillip Pirrip alias Pip. In the first few paragraphs, we learn that Pip is an orphan child (this is shown by Phillip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried) whom feels alone and isolated in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Expectations-How Does Dickens Use Setting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This statement was established by the marshes depiction as the dark flat wilderness beyond the church yard was the marshes the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing in was the sea. This can be interpreted as Pips opinion regarding his social status; the marshes being portrayed as dark wilderness suggest Pip feels isolated from the rest of the world, meanwhile use of the word dark suggests he feels left in the darkness whilst the upper classes go about their lives. The misty marshes are extremely significant throughout the novel, as they create an atmosphere which is sinister, which indicates some form of foreseeable danger and uncertainty. It is where he meets the escaped convict at the start, and later, is where he is kidnapped and nearly killed by Orlick. Symbolically, he passes the marshes on his way to London, a seemingly positive and exciting phase in his life. However, this setting indicates that perhaps, this experience will be a dangerous one. Another significant location is Statis House. This is where Pip was sent to spend time with the upper class Miss Havisham and her adopted daughter Estella. Satis House is a gothic setting which reflects her situation it is in ruins, like Miss Havisham. Since Miss Havisham was jilted on her wedding day, she stopped the clocks and remains in her wedding gown with the decaying feast of food around her. This setting represents Miss Havishams desire to freeze time and her wedding dress symbolizes her past. The decaying food represents her decay as she has become frail in her old age. Satis House was of old brick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it. Some of the windows had been walled up; of those that remained, all the lower were rustily barred. The iron bars, symbolise the feeling of being imprisoned- Pip is imprisoned in his unrequited love for Estella and Miss Havisham is imprisoned by her past as she refuses to move on from it. This, alongside the locked main gate and high surrounding walls, add to the feeling of imprisonment. In addition to this, it could be interpreted as the separation between the upper and lower classes. Also, Miss Havishams courtyard is a reflection of her life and situation. The quote grass was growing in every crevice highlights her feelings of neglect and being unloved. Futhermore, the empty brewery next to the house which was once successful has become abbandoned and deserted, No brewing was going on in it, and none seemed to have gone on for a long time. much like Miss Havisham has been since the day she was jilted at the alter. Dickens portrayal of London is also consequential, as upon arrival Pips first impression of London is that it is unattractive and dirty, [wretched weather; stormy and wet, stormy and wet; mud, mud, mud] yet it is where the second, exciting stage of Pips expectations begin. In my opinion, this is Dickens way of portraying his views on Pips superficial desire to rise up the social ladder from lower class to upper, which in the era Dickens lived in, was a common goal of society. In conclusion, Dickens effectively used setting to portray his characters situations and feelings throughout the novel. When Great Expectations was first written, it was released as a serial production, meaning a small section of the novel was released on a regular basis -i. e. weekly. Due to this, the characters situations and feelings- among other things- had to be throughly developed in order to keep the reader intrested till the next installment. Hence the reason, [in my humble opinion] this novel has become a best-selling classic.

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buy custom E-Business essay PepsiCo is an American multinational corporation that formed in 1965 with the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay, Inc. and deals with production, marketing, and distribution of beverages and grain based snack foods. PepsiCo has its headquarters in Harrison, New York with its presence in four major divisions (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). In 2009, PepsiCo Americas Foods, which deals in foods and snacks in North and South America, contributed 43% of the total PepsiCo net profit (PepsiCo Inc., 2010).. There is also PepsiCo America Beverages, a division that markets both carbonated and non-carbonated beverages in North and South America. Other divisions include PepsiCo Europe and PepsiCo Asia, Middle East and Africa. Globally, the company is the second largest food and beverages company and it operates in more than 200 countries (Marshall, 2010). In 2009, PepsiCo collected total revenue of $43.3 billion, and was rated the largest food and beverages company in North America. Pepsi Corporation distributes a number of brands, the key ones being those that generate annual sales of more than $1 billion each. These brands include Pepsi-Cola, 7Up, Fritos Mountain Dew, Gatorade, Doritos, Pepsi Max, Quaker Foods, Tropicana Cheetos, Miranda, Ruffles, Aquafina, Tostitos, Sierra Mist, Walkers, and Lays Lipton (UBM, 2010). Amid distribution of the brands, PepsiCo engages in charitable activities and environmental conservation programs like water usage in U.S, India and U.K, packaging and recycling, energy usage as well as pesticide regulation in India to ensure that the environment and the available resources are utilized properly. PepsiCos advancement in ecommerce has been evident, and that is the focus of this report (Romanik, 2007). Changing to ecommerce involves fully understanding the normal offline transactions and applying the principals of electronic funds transfer and electronic data interchange. Ecommerce also includes Internet marketing and inventory management systems through the World Wide Web, especially for virtual items. Changing to ecommerce entails complete overhaul of marketing techniques to accommodate new internet marketing strategies, electronic payments and training of employees to match the new electronic commerce and business. PepsiCos adoption of ecommerce led to the collaboration with Yahoo. In the deal, PepsiCo would promote Yahoo on 1.5 billion soft drinks bottles displayed in 50,000 stores (Business Day, 2000). In return, Yahoo would promote PepsiCo products on Yahoo cobranded site called Pepsistuff.com (Gerstman Meyers, 2002). This promotion started in August 2000 and has since led to advertisement cost minimization due to its ability to reach more people at ago through the website (Business Day, 2000). What does not work, according to Burwick, PepsiCos former marketing manager, is an advertising approach on television that in his view only entertains and moves. However, Burwick notes that internet advertisement on the website provides a platform for interaction, which is a more active experience that is likely to have a more positive impact on sales (Business Day, 2000). This web advertisement that included music sites, banner advertisement and internet sweepstakes and barter arrangement with Yahoo, helped PepsiCo establish loyalty among its customers, greater brand exposure among its consumers under 25 years old and at the same time obtained relevant data that enabled the company respond to customer demands. Pepsi also uses the extranet strategy where customers flash their names and continue the marketing efforts of tweaking websites. Other than its websites, PepsiCo has currently upheld its ecommerce strategy on Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, which are social sites that provide interaction opportunities for millions of potential customers around the world. This has helped improve popularity of the corporations 19 major brands in all the four regions, and contributed to the revenue collected in 2009. Marketing the products plays a very important role in the consumer goods companies that consume $40 billion annually on non-internet advertising. Ecommerce in this regard plays a vital role in marketing, distribution, supply chain management, ordering and delivering of the products to the clients in all the four major regions. This strategy helps PepsiCo eliminate intermediaries in its business since consumers can order products directly. The company can also use banners on top of web pages to convey the information about its products. However, this has been eliciting responses that banners are too small and limit th e amount of information that can be conveyed through them. Besides Pepsistuff.com, PepsiCo also uses its website in providing information to all its customers and potential customers on the available products and the ordering and purchasing procedures as well as the charges involved for deliveries (Gerstman Meyers, 2002). The strategy of e-business is multifarious, is more focused on these internal processes (Romanik, 2007). Its objective is to reduce costs while improving efficiency, as well as reducing costs while improving productivity. E-business includes ecommerce, and both address internal processes and technological infrastructure like application servers, security, databases, and legacy systems. E-commerce and e-business involve generating new value chains amid stakeholders, such as a company like PepsiCo and its clients. Original Business Model Employed By PepsiCo PepsiCo initially used non-internet advertisement that included high impact television spots that were prepared to evoke emotional reaction among its customers, appealing to woe customers to purchase. The company also minimally used PowerPoint presentations of its products to that are flashed on the websites. According to Hill Jones (2008), PepsiCo changed its business model and the manner in which it differentiated its product. Before adoption of the ecommerce initiative, PepsiCo fully depended on five regions that include North America, South America, Europe, and Asia regions (including India) in manufacturing, marketing, and delivering. These activities constituted manual offline transactions (Heinecke, 2011). Any changes to the business model were necessitated by introduction of the e-Business inititive. The marketing, ordering, inventory management strategies, and the payment methods changed to adopt ecommerce methods. These necessitated change in PepsiCos organization structure and reduction of marketing staff and the cost of advertisement reduced by nearly 20% in 2010 (Heinecke, 2011). Through e-business, PepsiCo was able to effectively cut human errors and evade uneconomical duplications of duties that add little or no value to the business. Consequently, this saved the company business time, colossal amounts of resources. The introduction of ecommerce into PepsiCo also improved the speed, accuracy, and efficiency in which processes are carried out in the corporation, leading to increased productivity. E-business guarantees proficiency in communication within PepsiCo and reduces turnaround time in ordering, delivery, and payment of products, as well as fostering faster decision-making process. The networking brought about by the use of Internet services gave PepsiCo an opportunity to easily compare and rate its products against those from its competitors in terms of quality, availability, and pricing. Strategic Components of E-business Planning for the changeover to e-business from the offline business is a strategic component that determines the success of the ecommerce strategy. It involves action plans that include making available the amount of capital required, trained human resource, information technology skills, technology hardware, such as computers and internet connections. This component of e-business dictates the decision on implementation methods and tools used in the changeover, depending on strengths and weaknesses of the business and the opportunities presented by ecommerce according to the vision and mission of the PepsiCo (Cross Miller, 2009). Ecommerce business is an area faced with several risks. Therefore, companies need to understand it well to ensure that they are protected against such risks. PepsiCo faces such risks as well. Some of these risks include loss of merchandise as a result of fraud, misrouting during distribution process to wrong destinations (majorly when the merchants are untrustworthy and untraceable), leading to loss of both goods and money (Cross Miller, 2009). Any businesses adopting ecommerce should ensure that third party merchants are well known, registered, and traceable to curb the loss of customers merchandise and money to potential fraudsters. This is also applicable to the risks of customers disputes of the delivered goods leading to loss of payments. PepsiCo needs to ensure that during ordering, customers provide adequate information to be able to distinguish genuine customers from fraudulent orders. This will reduce the loss money through credit card payments, which poses impacts both on the company and merchants who are forced to pay the bank charges to compensate the losses. Accuracy in processing the transactions remain key to efficient deals to avoid experiencing chargeback costs that also occur when customers dispute the transactions sometimes due to inaccuracy in the amount involved, errors in processing, authorization errors and fraudulent issues. These costs can be avoided if transactions are accurately and efficiently processed. Therefore, this means that the new ecommerce technology should be well understood before the implementation stage takes effect, to be able to seal all the possible loopholes that are likely to give way to losses (Joseph, 2008). Provision of adequate infrastructure system that warns new clients who are not conversant with purchasing on the Internet is important in proving authenticity of the company. These systems should be in a position of protecting clients passwords to sensitive personal information like credit cards to avoid exposure to fraudsters and at the same time authenticate transactions when dealing with fresh cl ients before closing the purchase orders and delivering the products to the customers. Technological components must also be put in place for a company that needs to grow in the modern business environment that is full of competition through the use of high technology machines (Joseph, 2008). The technological platform where e-Business is carried out involves of technologies that have to be tailor-made, tested out and integrated into the business. This component is one of the essential e-business components that include widely approved technological standards and requirements that generate technical procedures and platforms than computers, but can be used to pass information. Technology infrastructure involves reliable Internet connections and adequate machinery, such as computers and browser connections. Technological constituents, such as middleware, are important since they help build broad and complex e-commerce systems. Employee development is strategy that works well for many companies, including PepsiCo. Employees first need to be prepared for the change to avoid unnecessary resistance during the implementation stage. Employee development also involves training workers to be technology compliant and improve their IT skills, which are mandatory in ecommerce having in mind that technology innovation and improvement takes place every time (Shajahan Priyadharshini, 2007). PepsiCo needs to train its clients on how to access information from the companys websites without risking exposing their information to non-deserving people, such as credit card fraudsters. This training can be done through seminars and online information that can be accessed by all existing and potential customers. Many clients are very skeptical when it comes to online purchases due to the widespread Internet fraud and may only be willing to do business with very organized and secure sites. PepsiCo also needs to segment its market during marketing and advertisement of the products. This segmentation can be done in terms of age, social class to provide products that all social groups can afford, and ensuring availability of these products from the distribution stores for the retail customers at all times. Reasons for Success and Of Pepsi Product Differentiation and positioning One reason that has led to the success of Pepsi products is the differentiation of its brannds that have been established and have built customer loyalty in those regions. Product positioning remains vital in building customer loyalty. This can quickly be done through internet marketing, which reaches more people at ago all over the world. Planning and New Technology The companys first strategy involving agreements with Yahoo picked up well and were very successful because of adequate planning, as well as embracing of the new digital technology. Other reasons include adequate planning, employee development, good management kills, infrastructure, and risk management systems. Reasons for Lack of Success and Of Pepsi Fraudulent transactions Fraudulent transactions that have always mired online transactions that make the merchants and clients lose both merchandise and money are the loopholes that have hampered Pepsis success. Thus, they need to be sealed in order to drive businesses to higher levels. Analysis of the PepsiCo Initiative PepsiCo being the second largest food and Beverage Company has very strong financial base, which is enough to implement the ecommerce strategy. Training of employees on the new internet marketing skills, supply chain management, inventory management. Implementation of the ecommerce Technology in PepsiCo involved provision of the computer gadgets and internet connection that to provide necessary platform for the change to e-Business (Shajahan Priyadharshini, 2007). PepsiCo also offered in-house trainings to the staff to be technology compliant ready to execute the ecommerce operations. The major stakeholders of the PepsiCo are the suppliers, customers, government, employees, and the management. The companys consumers need to utilize the ecommerce platform to order and pay for products conveniently, while maintaining and managing internet security risks. The internal control systems that are used to authenticate transactions need to be fully outlined with clear chain of command. The improvement of the technology has also provided good business growth opportunity enhancing PepsiCos strength in the market. The involvement of the society, production of healthy products with low sugar levels favorable for children, guarding them against health and lifestyle related diseases like obesity, diabetes, and the environmental protection projects, gave PepsiCo business advantage over its competitors, such as the Coca-Cola company. PepsiCo does this by converting its product portfolio, forming global initiatives like calorie labeling to increase nutrition education, and backup up programs that promote physical fitness centers (Romanik, 2007). Responsible Electronic Marketing In the ecommerce, PepsiCo has adopted a responsible electronic marketing strategy that teaches children that good eating habits at an earlier age contribute to their future health. PepsiCo adopted a policy in 2009 not to advertise and sell certain products that do not meet specific nutrition level to children under age 12. The policy took effect in 2009 for beverages globally and all snacks and food in the whole world on January 1, 2011. Pepsi plans to stop selling full sugar soft drinks directly to primary and secondary schools across the world by 2012. This policy is to help schools to provide a wider range of low-calorie and nutritious beverages to their students in primary and secondary schools (Ferrell Ferrell, 2010). PepsiCo plans to implement this policy fully by January 1, 2012 and it has announced this interest on the Internet. PepsiCo does not currently sell directly to primary and secondary schools full calorie drinks in Europe, Canada, and a number of countries in the Arabian Peninsula (Ferrell Ferrell, 2010). Currently the use of iPhone has spread to users many including school going children who can easily access the information. For this reason, PepsiCo implements the responsible e-marketing strategy to ensure that information reaches the only relevant people. Reasons for Not Adopting the Ecommerce In as much as technology is acceptable, many online clients have since withdrawn from transacting businesses over the internet due to the widespread internet crimes committed by fraudsters. Many clients have expressed reservations and they prefer offline business transactions to e-business. Bad experience of wrong delivery and erroneous processing of transactions has also contributed to the failure of ecommerce initiative. Pepsi should not just adopt Ecommerce marketing coverage strategy since it focuses on differentiated marketing, they should also consider other aspects that accompany the marketing strategy. Many clients do not have sufficient IT skills that are required in carrying out e-business. This gave the changeover a slow start in some regions, including India, with many insisting on continued offline transaction (Joseph, 2008). Conclusion Ecommerce and e-business have become the order of modern business. Many companies than need to compete have adapted the two innovations. Ecommerce and e-business involve the use of the Internet in the transaction of goods and services from production, order, delivery, marketing, and payment for the purchased goods and services. PepsiCo is one of the companies that have adopted ecommerce for about ten years and have used the new technology in inventory management, supply chain management, Internet marketing and electronic funds transfer. PepsiCo is an international company that deals in beverages and foods snacks in four major regions in North America, South America, Europe and Asia and African markets with a number of products like Pepsi-Cola, 7Up, Fritos Mountain Dew, Gatorade, Doritos, Pepsi Max, Quaker Foods, Tropicana Cheetos, Miranda, Ruffles, Aquafina, Tostitos, Sierra Mist, Walker's and Lay's Lipton. The company uses the Internet to market and sell these brands. Several strategies ensure all the stakeholders are successfully navigated through the navigation period. These include adequate planning, employee development, good management kills, infrastructure, and risk management systems. Buy custom E-Business essay

A business memorandum on any topic pertaining to Real estate Term Paper

A business memorandum on any topic pertaining to Real estate - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, some jurisdictions necessitate that the government body or department offer to buy the property before choosing to use the eminent domain. According to the 5th Amendment of the United States Constitution, ‘there shall be no taking of private property fro public use, without proper compensation.’ Nonetheless, eminent domain has been in place since the United States of America has been in existence or was established. The 5th Amendment of the United States Constitution only brought about the concept of just compensation. However, without this Amendment, we find that the government could seize whatever property they wished with no compensation. The city pays homeowners in a section of the city with low-housing costs. The city has the plans of putting up or establishing a new housing development hopping to attract the higher-income families. However, the former owners of the homes are given compensations for their home; in some instances, given more that the estimated value of their homes. This actually sound good to some extent. However, the problem that arises is that the previous owners of the homes are not in a position of affording housing in the newly established development; this forces them to move far from their original neighborhood. This greatly changes a neighborhood’s composition, and there is no way of getting to know whether it will be favorable of not. One could loose historically significant structures only because they appear to be found in the way of a new project. Individuals could get considerably less funds than for that the total worth of their property is. Eminent domain, back in the old days, was used in taking a piece of land for civic or public use like bridge, dam, road or new lake. The individual was always given ‘fair market value’ for the property seized. For instance, even though an individual

Exam on Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exam on Religion - Essay Example Because of this, the Young Earth Creationism Theory posits that the Earth is merely 6,000 years old. However, based on scientific findings, the Earth is 4.6 billion years old already. This puts it in a compromising stage, whereas the Day-Age Creationism can bridge both the scientific and religious data and that in fact, a single day (or yom in Hebrew) can mean an indefinite long period of time. This can be more accurate compared to the Young Earth Theory in a sense that a single day can be stretched into at least a thousand to a billion years, so theoretically, with six billion years allotted for creating the Earth, this is nearer that the actual age of the Earth. This means that the Day-Age Creationism is more feasible because there are also scientific results that support it. The Book of Revelations is seen as the go-to of apocalyptic literature. It states how Christ will return to the Earth, after chaos, war, pestilence, famine and persecution. It tells the story about the Wrath o f god, against all the false prophets and their followers, and all this suffering is overseen by God. He, in fact, released Satan and defeated him too (20:7-9) and later resided with the rest of humanity in New Jerusalem (21:2-8). This story is parallel to the Story of Job, albeit in a small scale. Job is also undertaken a series of tests to affirm his loyalty with the Lord. In fact, he was â€Å"sold out† to Satan to test his faith, although we know that in the end, Satan failed to corrupt him and the Lord even made Job richer and better than he ever was before (42:1-17).. The pattern is the same. Job can symbolize humanity and he has been punished, and was being prepped for the coming of the Lord. Humanity, in the Book of Revelations is also punished and was being prepped for the coming of the Lord and at the end of the punishment, the Lord replaced the Old Earth with a New Earth and there is no more suffering or death, and the curse ended (22: 6-21). Yes, I think the Book of Revelations is an expanded version of the Book of Job. 3. What are the implications and parallelisms of Ruth’s and Esther’s story in the Bible? The story of Ruth in the Bible is seemingly put there to explain David’s ancestry and nothing else. Esther’s story, on the other hand, merely recounts of the Festival of Purim came to be. The reasons for their places in the bible appear trivial but they are, in fact, not. Ruth, with her familial relations to King David, may as well be the New Abraham and Esther’s story of saving her people can make her the female counterpart of Moses. Abraham and Ruth, both ancestors of the great character in the Bible, even shared the same experiences like barrenness and famine (Abraham went down†¦ Gen 12:10 and There was famine in the land†¦ Ruth 1:2 ) and they traveled the same sojourn too. Esther’s story of saving her people was similar to that of Moses’ story too. Both were leaders or at leas t people of power and both are liberators of their people in a foreign place and they also kept their faith a secret at first. Even the festivals are parallel: The Passover celebrates the deliverance of Israel through the Passover while the Purim celebrates the Israelite’s survival on Haman’s pogrom. This implies that the Bible puts importance to women, and is, in fact, a gender-sensitive book, especially in this respect. 4. Use form criticism to analyze 2 Samuel 12:1-4. Form criticism attempts to trace a scripture from its early days in oral

Outline and evaluate biological explanations of aggression Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate biological explanations of aggression Essay The biological explanation of aggression suggests that aggression is caused by genetics, brain structure or bio-chemical influences hormones such as testosterone and neurotransmitters such as serotonin. It includes only biological factors ignoring environmental, psychological and social factors which are better explained by of the social-psychological explanation. The first theory linking genetics to aggression was Court-Browns research study. Sandberg was the first to identify the 47 XYY karyotype. Normally every human has 46 chromosomes 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. When a male, has an extra Y chromosome the 47th chromosome it makes them XYY and this would be a genetic disorder. Court-Brown conducted a longitudinal study on 314 males with XYY chromosome and suggested that males with this chromosome would be better hospitalised due to an increased likelihood of aggressive behaviour. Many institutions took on this idea without further research and as a result many males where hospitalised. This would support the biological view that genetics can cause a person to become aggressive as Court-Brown provided evidence for this, however after further research he further retracted his comments as much of it was based on assumption. Further research into the XYY karyotype found that the only thing that the extra chromosome affected was physical characteristics such as increased height and it did not affect aggressive behaviour in any way. Theilgaard also did research comparing XYY to XY and XYY males. She used thematic apperception tests (TATs). She compared prison inmates to the general population. She found that although XYY males were more likely to give aggressive interpretations of the images this did not mean that they would perform aggressive acts in real-life situations. So this would go against what Court-Brown found. Court-Brown used a lab experiment to conduct his study. A lab experiment is prone to confounding variables because there may be other factors that may influence the outcome of the result. A lab experiment also lacks ecological validity because it is set in an artificial setting and it would be hard to extrapolate findings to real life settings. This would make the study invalid. Also Court-Brown did not operationalize aggression. Many people view aggression in many different ways from verbal aggression to physical aggression. So what kind of aggression did the males show? As aggression was not clearly defined this could lead to inaccurate results. Therefore Court-Browns research would be hard to rely on as it is hard to measure aggression in a uniform way. Theilgaards research also had some short-comings She used a TAT test to measure aggression within her sample. TAT tests have no empirical validity as they are just images, by describing what is in a picture the participate wont be acting aggressively they are merely stating/interpreting what they see, therefore the use of TAT tests does not show the XXY male is aggressive in real life situations and findings should be treated with caution. Overall the genetic approach is heavily reductionist as it does not include other approaches such as social and cognitive approaches. It just assumes that genetics are the main cause of aggression. However by being reductionist it could lead to further psychological research into the area and this might produce more insights into the theory. The genetic theory also over-emphasises the importance of nature and ignores nurture completely. They may be other factors other that genetics that play a role in aggression for example, a persons up-bringing may cause them to act aggressively or the type of culture they belong to may also play a part so to improve its explanation the genetic theory could input some of these ideas into the theory. Another theory from the biological approach which suffers similar problems like reductionism and determinism is the hormonal/neurotransmitter approach. The approach argues that high levels of the hormone testosterone lead to aggression while low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin lead to aggression. Wagner et al. did research which supported the link between aggression and testosterone. They castrated mice and found that levels of aggression decreased and that there was also a drop in male typical behaviours such as biting. When the mice received testosterone injections levels of aggression started to increase. This would support the view that levels of testosterone can lead to aggression. Another study in this area was by Harrison, he gave male participants aged 20 -56 testosterone injections and then gave them a frustrating game to play. He noted that aggression did increases in all of the men but to differing extents. Furthermore affects were mainly psychological and there were few physical affects.

Lord of the Flies - Who I think would make the best leader on the island: :: English Literature

Lord of the Flies - Who I think would make the best leader on the island: Ralph, Piggy or Jack? The Novel that this piece of writing is based upon is named "Lord of the Flies". The author of the book is William Golding who wrote many other books including Close quarters and Fire down below. This essay is on my opinion of who would be the best leader on the island out of Ralph, Piggy and Jack. I will base my opinions on my assumption of what makes a good leader and my general feelings of their actions, reactions and appearance. These three predicaments make large differences in how other people feel towards you. If you have become irritable easily people may ignore you or if you can not make good decisions of your own they may feel more powerful than you. So these are my reasons of how I will judge the characters. Another aspect I will have to consider is the first impressions made on the characters and how Golding provoked these. What makes a good leader is someone who does not take sides in bad situations, someone who is organised, they can be independent, confident, good ideas, a quick thinker, non-judgmental, works well under pressure, reliable, takes charge and can see good and bad in people. All these points are good because people following the leaders do not want to be under pressure because the leader can not take certain circumstances, followers also do not a leader who is not confident because then they have to be more positive. Also if the leader does not give their followers praise then they will become doubtful about their leader. Piggy is described by Golding as: "The naked crooks of his knees were plump" and "he was shorter than the fair boy (Ralph) and very fat" Piggy wears glasses and this seems to make people disrespect him. For example on page 75 where Jack knocks Piggy's glasses of his face and breaks one side. Jack doesn't apologise to Piggy very quickly and when he does it is in a childish manner whereas before when he and Ralph had had an argument Jack's response was more of an adult nature. Ralph and Jack's argument is on pages 51-52. The argument is about Jack's hunting because he has not helped with the making of the shelters so Ralph is mad. An example of the Adult nature is straight after the argument when Ralph says: " 'You've noticed haven't you?' Jack put down his spear and squatted 'Noticed what?' 'Well. They're frightened.'" This behaviour is very well showed because they forget about the

Green Architecture

IntroductionSince the Industrial Revolution, the universe has witnessed incalculable technological accomplishments, population growing, and matching additions in resource usage. As we enter a new century, we are acknowledging the aˆ?side effectsaˆ? of our activities: pollution, landfills at capacity, toxic waste, planetary heating, resource and ozone depletion, and deforestation. These attempts are striving the bounds of the Earth ‘s aˆ?carrying capacityaˆ?aˆâ€ its ability to supply the resources required to prolong life while retaining the capacity to renew and stay feasible. As the universe ‘s population continues to spread out, execution of resource-efficient steps in all countries of human activity is imperative. The reinforced environment is one clear illustration of the impact of human activity on resources. Buildings have a important impact on the environment, accounting for one-sixth of the universe ‘s fresh water backdowns, one-fourth of its wood crop, and two-fifths of its stuff and energy flows. Structures besides impact countries beyond their immediate location, impacting the water partings, air quality, and transit forms of communities. [ 1 ] That acknowledgment is taking to alterations in the manner the edifice industry and edifice proprietors approach the design, building, and operation of constructions. With the leading of diverse groups in the public and private sectors, the edifice industry is traveling toward a new value in its work: that of environmental public presentation. The industry ‘s turning sustainability moral principle is based on the rules of resource efficiency, wellness, and productiveness. Realization of these rules involves an integrated, multidisciplinary approachaˆâ€ one in which a edifice undertaking and its constituents are viewed on a full life-cycle footing. This aˆ?cradle-to-cradleaˆ? attack, known as aˆ?greenaˆ? or aˆ?sustainableaˆ? edifice, considers a edifice ‘s entire economic and environmental impact and public presentation, from material extraction and merchandise industry to merchandise transit edifice design and building, operations and care, and edifice reuse or disposal. Ultimately, acceptance of sustainable edifice patterns will take to a displacement in the edifice industry, with sustainability exhaustively embedded in its pattern, merchandises, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. Understanding the particulars of sustainable edifice and finding effectual sustainable patterns can be confounding. Local authoritiess and private industry frequently do non hold the resources to execute the necessary research to assemble information on sustainable patterns, presuming such information is readily available. This thesis, by its parts, presents a full vision about green architecture, green edifices, and the chance to use this architecture in Lebanon. In Addition, it includes a full conceptual design for a proposed undertaking related to such architecture.Part 1: Green Architecture / Green Buildings1.1 DefinitionSustainable development is the challenge of run intoing turning human demands for natural resources, industrial merchandises, energy, nutrient, transit, shelter, and effectual waste direction while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resource base indispensable for future life and development. This construct recognizes that run intoing long-run human demands will be impossible unless we besides conserve the Earth ‘s natural physical, chemical, and biological systems. [ 2 ] Sustainable development constructs, applied to the design, building, and operation of edifices, can heighten both the economic wellbeing and environmental wellness of communities around the universe. The Union Internationale des Architects/American Institute of Architects ( UIA/AIA ) World Congress of Architects recognized that in its 1993 Declaration of Interdependence, which acknowledges that edifices and the built environment drama a major function in the human impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. If sustainable design rules are incorporated into edifice undertakings, benefits can include resource and energy efficiency, healthy edifices and stuffs, ecologically and socially sensitive land usage, transit efficiency, and strengthened local economic systems and communities. Embracing sustainability constructs, the ends aim to cut down energy, operation, and care costs ; cut down building-related unwellnesss ; increase the productiveness and comfort of edifice residents ; cut down waste and pollution ; and increase edifice and constituent lastingness and flexibleness. [ 3 ] In the developed states, public and private leaders have realized the economic and environmental benefits of green edifice patterns and are establishing policies, developing edifice guidelines, and fabrication merchandises and systems that will accomplish sustainable development ends.1.2 Green edifices history1.2.1 Historical BuildingsHarmonizing to David Gissen, conservator of architecture and design and the National Building Museum in Washington DC, structures such as London ‘s Crystal Palace and Milan ‘s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II used methods that decreased the impact of the construction on the environment. Systems such as roof ventilators and belowground air chilling Chamberss were used to modulate indoor air temperature. [ 4 ] In the early 20th century, several skyscrapers such as the Flatiron Building and the New York Times Building in New York utilised deep-set Windowss and the Carson Pirie Scott section shop in Chicago had retractable sunshades. Both of these techniques were effectual in commanding interior temperature while lessoning the edifices ‘ impact on the environment. [ 5 ] From the 1930 ‘s through the 1960 ‘s, the forward believing chilling methods mentioned above gave manner to some new edifice engineerings that would alter inner-city edifice building dramatically. The innovation of air conditioning, brooding glass, and structural steel popularized the enclosed glass and steel edifices that litter the American metropolis today. These edifices were able to be heated and cooled with monolithic HVAC systems that consumed immense sums of cheap and readily available fossil fuels. [ 6 ] The monolithic ingestion of energy required to populate these edifices made their viability tenable and wholly dependent upon energy handiness and cost.1.2.2 The InfancyAround the clip that the aˆ?glass boxaˆ? manner high rise had become the icon of the American metropolis ( circa 1970 ) , a frontward believing group of designers, conservationists, and ecologists [ 7 ] were inspired by the turning environmental motion and the higher fuel costs that were prevailing during the 1970s. [ 8 ] The generation of these two scenarios finally resulted in the modern physique green motion. The first Earth Day, celebrated in April 1970, gave some acceptance to this new edifice construct, but the OPEC oil trade stoppage of 1973 gave the burgeoning environmental motion, and later the green physique attempt, the kick start it needed. With gas lines stretching for blocks, some Americans began to oppugn the conventional wisdom that we should be so independently reliant upon fossil fuels for our energy. [ 9 ] As a consequence of the oil trade stoppage, amongst other energy concerns, the American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) formed a Committee on Energy that was broken into two cantonments. aˆ?One group looked toward inactive, such as brooding roofing stuffs and environmentally good posing of edifices, to accomplish energy nest eggs, while the other concentrated more on technological solutions, such as the usage of triple-glazed windows.aˆ? [ 10 ] As energy concerns subsided, impulse for green edifice and the environment, in general, slowed down, but a dedicated core-group of designers continued to force their green edifice construct frontward. A twosome of noteworthy edifices constructed during the 1970ss which utilised constructs of green design are: The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in England, which utilized a grass roof, day-lighted atrium, and mirrored Windowss ; the Gregory Bateson Building in California, which used energy-sensitive photovoltaic ( solar cells ) [ 11 ] , under-floor stone shop chilling systems, and country clime control devices. [ 12 ] Through the late 1970ss, throughout the 1880ss, and into the early 1890ss, much research was commissioned on energy efficient procedures. This research resulted in more effectual solar panels, prefabricated efficient wall systems, H2O renewals systems, modular building units, and direct use of visible radiation through Windowss in order to diminish day-time energy ingestion. [ 13 ]1.3 Green Organizations1.4 Green consequence on edifices & A ; metropoliss1.4.1 Energy EfficiencyApproximately 50 per centum of the energy usage in edifices is devoted to bring forthing an unreal indoor clime through warming, chilling, airing, and illuming. [ 14 ] A typical edifice ‘s energy measure constitutes about 25 per centum of the edifice ‘s entire operating costs. Estimates indicate that climate-sensitive design utilizing available engineerings could cut warming and chilling energy ingestion by 60 per centum and illuming energy demands by at least 50 per centum in U.S. edifices. [ 15 ]1. 4.2 Water EfficiencyWater preservation and efficiency plans have begun to take to significant lessenings in the usage of H2O within edifices. Water-efficient contraptions and fixtures, behavioural alterations, and alterations in irrigation methods can cut down ingestion by up to 30 per centum or more. [ 16 ] As demand on H2O additions with urban growing, the economic impact of H2O preservation and efficiency will increase proportionally. Water efficiency non merely can take to significant H2O nest eggs, it besides can cut down the demand for enlargement of H2O intervention installations. Non-residential H2O clients account for a little per centum of the entire figure of H2O clients, but use about 35 per centum or more of the entire H2O. [ 17 ]1.4.3 Waste ReductionGreen architecture besides seeks to cut down waste of energy, H2O and stuffs used during building. For illustration, in California about 60 % of the province ‘s waste comes from commercial edifices. [ 18 ] During the building stage, one end should be to cut down the sum of stuff traveling to landfills. Well-designed edifices besides help cut down the sum of waste generated by the residents as good, by supplying on-site solutions such as compost bins to cut down affair traveling to landfills. To cut down the impact on Wellss or H2O intervention workss, several options exist. â€Å" Greywater † , effluent from beginnings such as dishwashing or rinsing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable intents, e.g. , to blush lavatories and wash autos. Rainwater aggregators are used for similar intents. Centralized effluent intervention systems can be dearly-won and utilize a batch of energy. An alternate to this procedure is change overing waste and effluent into fertiliser, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By roll uping human waste at the beginning and running it to a semi-centralized biogas works with other biological waste, liquid fertiliser can be produced. This construct was demonstrated by a colony in Lubeck Germany in the late ninetiess. Practices like these supply dirt with organic foods and make C sinks that remove C dioxide from the ambiance, countervailing nursery gas emanation. Producing unreal fertiliser is besides more dearly-won in energy than this procedure. [ 19 ]1.4.4 Construction Cost ReductionApplication of green constructing constructs can give for nest eggs during the building procedure. Measures that are comparatively easy to implement can ensue in nest eggs to the contractor in the undermentioned countries: A · Lower energy costs, by supervising use, put ining energy-efficient lamps and fixtures, and utilizing tenancy detectors to command lighting fixtures ; A · Lower H2O costs, by supervising ingestion and recycling storm H2O and/or building effluent where possible ; A · Lower site-clearing costs, by minimising site break and motion of Earth and installing of unreal systems ; A · Lower landfill dumping fees and associated trucking charges, through reuse and recycling of building and destruction dust ; A · Lower stuffs costs, with more careful purchase and reuse of resources and stuffs ; A · Possible net incomes from gross revenues of reclaimable points removed during edifice destruction ; and A · Fewer employee wellness jobs ensuing from hapless indoor air quality. This listing suggests some possible countries for cost nest eggs ; the undertaking squad can place other possibilities through a concerted and incorporate squad attack. The contractor can besides better dealingss with the community and edifice proprietor by sing them as portion of the squad attempt to implement environmentally sound building steps.1.4.5 Building Operation and MaintenanceThe green edifice steps discussed in this manual can take non merely to take down edifice operating disbursals through reduced public-service corporation and waste disposal costs, but besides to lower on-going edifice care costs, runing from wages to supplies. For illustration, in many edifices, care staff collects recycled stuffs on each floor – or even at every employee ‘s desk – and transport the stuffs down to the cellar for manus screening. Recycling chutes, a feasible green option, let direct discarding of stuffs from any floor in the edifice to the cellar. The chute system, which ideally is installed during initial building or redevelopment, can screen stuffs automatically, salvaging labour costs by extinguishing the demand to roll up, conveyance, and kind recyclables. Other nest eggs come in the signifier of lower waste trucking fees ; reduced workers ‘ compensation insurance premiums due to take down claims for accidents from crisp glass and tins ; reduced lift care ; less frequent cleansing of spills on rugs and floors ; and less demand for pest control. Environmentally friendly housework merchandises can besides hold fiscal advantages. For illustration, cleaning merchandises that are purchased as dressed ores and utilize minimum packaging non merely advance waste decrease, but besides can cut down merchandise use by 30 to 60 per centum with dispensers that more accurately step and thin the cleansing merchandises for optimal effectivity. [ 20 ] Building proprietors need to see the edifice director and staff as critical participants in environmentally sound and cost-efficient operations. Building directors, charged with the efficient operation and care of multi-million-dollar assets, have experience in all countries of operations and care over the life of a edifice. Once a edifice is operational, preparation of direction and care staff – including instruction on effectual green constructing steps such as constructing energy direction systems, new cleansing merchandises, and new edifice codifications and criterions – can assist them to keep the edifice in a resource-efficient and economically favourable mode.1.4.6 Insurance and LiabilityThe past decennaries ‘ conventional office design, building, and operational patterns have decreased the quality of the indoor office environment, ensuing in new wellness concerns and associated economic costs and liability. The debut of a battalion of new contaminant pollu tion beginnings into the workplace, combined with tighter edifice building, has intensified air-quality jobs. For illustration, hapless indoor air quality can ensue from such factors as defective air-conditioning systems, occupant related pollutants, building stuffs that emit high degrees of volatile organic compounds, and hapless care patterns. The U.S. EPA ranks indoor air pollution among the top five environmental hazards to public wellness. Unhealthy indoor air is found in up to 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices. [ 21 ] Sick Building Syndrome ( SBS ) and Building Related Illness ( BRI ) have become more common in the workplace, increasing edifice proprietor and employer costs due to sickness, absenteeism, and increased liability claims. It has been estimated that SBS and BRI cost approximately $ 60 billion each twelvemonth in medical disbursals and lost worker productiveness in the United States. [ 22 ] Legal actions related to Sick Building Syndrome and other building-related jobs have increased. These actions against edifice interior decorators, proprietors, or employers may be initiated by residents who have short- or long-run jobs, runing from concerns and firing eyes to more serious complaints. Initial economic impact may come in the signifiers of higher wellness insurance premiums, increased workers ‘ compensation claims, and reduced productiveness. Expensive redress undertakings and environmental killings may follow, and edifice proprietors may seek to retrieve losingss from the original undertaking contractors and designers through judicial proceeding. By guaranting better indoor air quality, edifice proprietors, employers, and design professionals can take down their hazard of future judicial proceeding by constructing residents. Professional liability insurance companies have indicated a willingness to offer design professionals lower insurance premiums for higher operating-procedure criterions that lead to improved indoor air quality. Some national architectural houses are trying to rate edifice merchandises harmonizing to the degrees of volatile organic compounds they emit after installing, and to educate edifice proprietors and directors about healthier merchandise picks.1.4.7 Occupant Health and ProductivityThe intent of a edifice is non merely to supply shelter for its residents, but besides to supply an environment conducive to high public presentation of all intended resident activities. Recent surveies have shown that edifices with good overall environmental quality, including effectual airing, natural or proper degrees o f lighting, indoor air quality, and good acoustics, can increase worker productiveness by six to 16 per centum. [ 23 ] An organisation ‘s most important fiscal committedness is normally to its employees. Many employers spend at least every bit much on salary-related outgos as they do on building an full company edifice. In many organisations, wages and associated benefits consume the bulk of the one-year operating budget. [ 24 ] For illustration ; based on the sample computations in 2, a typical employer could pass $ 233 per square pes yearly for an employee. Building building costs by and large fall below this degree, frequently by 50 per centum. In add-on, one-year employee salary-related outgos, utilizing the Numberss in 2, are about 130 times greater than energy costs. A productivity addition of six per centum equates to nest eggs to the employer of $ 14 per square pes – eight times the cost of the edifice ‘s one-year energy measure. Given this information, an employer can make up one's mind to maximise the public presentation and efficiency of forces resources through appraisal of, and betterment to, the indoor environmental quality of its edifice. The undermentioned history of a recent redevelopment undertaking illustrates this attack. Both edifice proprietors and edifice tenant/employers can profit in other ways by bettering indoor environmental quality. For proprietors, these betterments can ensue in higher belongings values, longer tenant tenancy and rental reclamations, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, extended equipment life, and good promotion. For renters, benefits include reduced absenteeism and better employee morale, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, and community acknowledgment. If the edifice proprietor is besides the employer, an organisation can countervail initial building design and systems costs with the decrease of long-run organisational and operational disbursals over the edifice ‘s life rhythm.1.4.8 Building ValueGreen edifices ‘ high efficiency and public presentation can ensue in higher belongings values and potentially lower loaners ‘ recognition hazard. Lower operating costs associated with more efficient sys tems can take to higher constructing net income. In add-on to increasing a edifice ‘s cyberspace runing income or value, green edifice steps may let edifice proprietors to bear down higher rents or accomplish higher rates of edifice tenancy, if renters view green belongingss as more desirable. Presently, voluntary edifice evaluation plans are under development for commercial edifices in the United States. As these plans are introduced into the market place and derive the credence of edifice proprietors and renters, they could impact the value of belongingss. Prospective renters will be able to rate edifices based on such mensurable characteristics as natural daytime, better indoor air quality, and lower energy, H2O, and waste costs. If adequate edifices are rated for environmental public presentation, those that perform better will get down to recognize market advantages.1.4.9 Local Economic Development OpportunitiesPromotion and execution of green edifice patterns within a community can bring forth new economic development c hances. These chances can take a assortment of signifiers, including new concern development to run into the demand for green merchandises and services ; resource-efficiency betterment plans that enable bing concerns to take down operating costs ; development of environmentally oriented concern territories ; and occupation preparation related to new green concerns and merchandises.1.5 Appliance & A ; Ways of using1.5.1 Appliances1.5.1.1 Selecting environmentally and economically balanced edifice stuffs.Buildings significantly alter the environment. Harmonizing to Worldwatch Institute1, constructing building consumes 40 per centum of the natural rock, crushed rock, and sand used globally each twelvemonth, and 25 per centum of the virgin wood. Buildings besides account for 40 per centum of the energy and 16 per centum of the H2O used yearly world-wide. In the United States, approximately every bit much building and destruction waste is produced as municipal refuse. Finally, unhealthy indoor air is found in 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices worldwide. Negative environmental impacts flow from these activities. For illustration, natural stuffs extraction can take to resource depletion and biological diverseness losingss. Building stuffs industry and conveyance consumes energy, which generates emanations linked to planetary heating and acerb rain. Landfill jobs, such as leaching of heavy metals, may originate from waste coevals. All these activities can take to air and H2O pollution. Unhealthy indoor air may do increased morbidity and mortality. Choosing environmentally preferred edifice stuffs is one manner to better a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation. To be practical, nevertheless, environmental public presentation must be balanced against economic public presentation. Even the most environmentally witting constructing interior decorator or edifice stuffs maker will finally desire to weigh environmental benefits against economic costs. They want to place edifice stuffs that improve environmental public presentation with small or no addition in cost. The edifice community is doing determinations today that have environmental and economic effects. Its determinations are plagued by uncomplete and unsure informations every bit good as the deficiency of a standardised methodological analysis for measuring the information. The NIST/EPA squad seeks to back up these determinations by garnering environmental and economic public presentation informations and by structuring and computerising the decision-making procedure. The ensuing BEES tool will be publically available over the Internet. In the mean while, the USGBC has published a list of stuffs aˆâ€Å" certified from LEED aˆâ€Å" incorporating several green stuffs including: flooring, interior building, pigments & A ; movie, cloths, curtains, tack surfaces, ceiling systems, illuming, contraptions, millwork, furniture and plumping fixtures.1.6 Education of green architectureSince 1993, UIA released the aˆ?Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Futureaˆ? suggesting that the architectural profession should seek aˆ?to achieve ecological sustainability within the limited clip that is likely to be availableaˆ? . And it ‘s been 14 old ages after the release of UIA / UNESCO aˆ?Charter For Architectural Educationaˆ? that registries among educational ends aˆ?an ecologically balanced and sustainable development of the built environmentaˆ? . Since so, many architecture schools have introduced or upgraded classs on proficient facets of sustainability, like aˆ?Energy Conscious Designaˆ? , aˆ?Sustainable Architectureaˆ? , aˆ?Beyond Greenaˆ? or aˆ?Bioclimatic Architectureaˆ? and others more. The integrating of sustainability in design schools up to now has been reviewed by several studies. Most of them portion two decisions: – foremost, that non many schools have embraced the topic in a thorough mode, indicating at aˆ?the low degree at which sustainable design constructs have been incorporated into the regular curriculumaˆ? and noticing that aˆ?environmental instruction in architecture has been done on an ad-hoc footing, aˆÂ ¦fragmented and insufficientaˆ? [ 25 ] ; – second, that sustainable design requires learning methods rather different than the long-established 1s [ 26 ] . Environmental crisis and its foreseeable effects are still a fringy issue in the academic discourse at schools purportedly covering with the environment, possibly because crises are non an attractive topic in our aˆ?feel-good ‘ epoch. As a consequence, those who will hold to undertake the looming crisis in the close hereafter are non adequately prepared. Still, the demand to implement sustainable design is widely recognized by the educational community, at least in rule. A revealing illustration is a study among architectural pedagogues in more than 30 European states in 2001 [ 27 ] , where aˆ?nearly 90 % of the respondents are voting for a instead dramatic displacement from a presently instead low to a high consideration of aˆ?Sustainable Development ‘ in future architectural educationaˆ? . Harmonizing to the study, aˆ?only 19 % of those said that this construct is presently having a very/quite high degree of consideration, and 83 % said it should have a very/quite high degree of consideration in architectural educationaˆ? , placing as an aˆ?aspect of taking importanceaˆ? the â€Å" integrating of sustainability-issues into all studio design † . In malice of such consensus, there is still a long route until sustainable design is steadfastly rooted in architectural acquisition. There are a figure of grounds for this, within and outside the academic margin:1.6.1 Academic obstructionsA · _____________________ In most schools that show environmental concern, related issues are normally confined in elected categories, detached from design studios. This creates a aˆ?fringe ‘ repute for sustainability, eschewing its rules from the chief design undertakings to the fringe of architectural acquisition. As a consequence, no practical experience is gained in how to present sustainable qualities in the aˆ?core ‘ design docket. A · ______________________ In many instances the accent is on quantitative instead than qualitative affairs. As a consequence figure crunching eclipses design, and pupils tend to tie in sustainable concerns with numerical public presentation merely, detached from issues like comfort, resources, or social moralss. In that mode, sustainability-related classs are considered similar to those on proficient Fieldss like structural or mechanical design, but non aˆ?real ‘ architecture. A · ______________________ Sustainable design is a instead recent subject, non really familiar to the old guard that administers schools. Most coachs have had limited or even nonexistent preparation in their yesteryear, and practical experience is even more rare. Consequently, aˆ?a deficiency of importance placed on sustainable design by many architectural educatorsaˆ? [ 28 ] is no surprise. As a consequence, it is hard to present aˆ?obscure ‘ , aˆ?uninteresting ‘ or aˆ?useless ‘ new subjects to the course of study, particularly in position of the fact that sustainable design challenges the preponderantly artistic stance of architecture. A · ___________________ Sustainable design is a complex architectural attack, embracing diverse Fieldss of cognition and necessitating multi-discipline teamwork. Therefore its instruction can non suit with the conventional additive attack where different proficient accomplishments are segregated in different sections, with rare chances to convey them all together through joint undertakings in a holistic mode. Furthermore, aˆ?sustainable architecture is a complex topic that should be covered throughout the curriculumaˆ? [ 29 ] , non merely in sporadic undertakings. A · ____________________ Furthermore, design undertakings are often detached from earthly world as if they refer to a infinite station, barely interrelated with nature or society. Social moralss or environmental consciousness are non embedded in the docket, restricting preparation in simply proficient accomplishments with major focal point on the aesthetic. aˆ?An architectural pupil all of a sudden transported to many of our architecture schools from 1900 Paris would experience right at homeaˆ? . [ 30 ] A · _____________________ Environmental crisis is repeatedly under the spotlight of the media but, unusually, it is rarely included in the academic discourse. There is small systematic consciousness of the relationship of edifice and urban design with critical environmental issues like energy & A ; H2O deficits, air & A ; land pollution, urban heat island & A ; ecological footmark, or resources depletion. And surely such subjects are non included in undertaking Jockey shortss or ordinary pupil work. A · _______________________ Furthermore, there is deficient auxiliary input through proficient categories like constructing natural philosophies or environmental engineering that could back up sustainable design undertakings. When pupils do non understand the dynamic linkage between constructions, environmental conditions and users, it is non easy to distinguish, state, between aˆ?building in the landscapeaˆ? and aˆ?building in interaction with the landscapeaˆ? . [ 31 ]1.6.2 Outside the schoolroomThe debut of sustainability in architecture schools encounters farther troubles stemming from the outer side of the academic walls: A · ____________________ Sustainable design has yet to happen a clear individuality: – Is it a edifice technique, a blend of architecture and technology that can be applied on any architectural assortment merely like, say, fire safety or seismal proofing? – Is it merely one more architectural manner, possibly with excess consideration to the environment than the remainder, with its ain stylistic hallmarks like solar aggregators, conservatories, or green labels? – Beaver state is it a fresh design mentality, where nature & A ; society, today & A ; tomorrow are equal spouses in the design model? A · _____________________ The sustainable design household includes fluctuations like aˆ?energy witting ‘ , aˆ?bioclimatic ‘ , aˆ?solar ‘ , aˆ?ecological ‘ , or aˆ?green ‘ , any of which could be applied in a non-sustainable mode. For case, an energy-saving strategy could use non-ecological stuffs ; bioclimatic skyscrapers use more resources than low rise, and the sustainability of a immense aˆ?green ‘ sign of the zodiac with merely two residents is questionable. It is clear that sustainable design in full graduated table is a complex enterprise that requires a holistic watchfulness on a wide array of topics, proficient every bit much as societal: aˆ?Although there is much involvement and wonder about the topic, no 1 would state it ‘s easy to larn or use in practiceaˆ? . [ 32 ] A · ______________________ The architectural aˆ?haut couture ‘ of our epoch markets themes instead far from sustainability. As a consequence prudence and aˆ?I?I µI„I?I?I? ‘ ( metron = Greek for step ) are ostracized from the chief architectural values [ 33 ] . Given that architecture is ever learned by illustration, many pupils – and many adults excessively – ringer the glamourous paradigms of the expansive maitres, endeavoring for ocular originality and manner above all. The calendered architectural imperativeness barely advertises the non-sustainable characteristics of the expansive works because that would botch the ware. Therefore attending is frequently focused on 2D thoughts instead than 3D infinite or 4D affairs, and hollow feelings count more than the stuff and social facets of the built environment. As manner outshines matter and clip, sustainability is a looser. A · __________________ Students are the last to fault for that ; given the prevailing aesthetic values, there are non excessively many sustainable illustrations exciting adequate to animate pupils. On the contrary, a frequent claim is that sustainable edifices are per se unattractive, as if all other types of architecture have merely good illustrations to demo. A · ___________________ Another repeated averment is that aˆ?environmental edifices cost moreaˆ? . Here, the cost comparison footing is instead obscure, ignoring the differentiation between constructing – and running – cost, or the fact that aˆ?trying to shoot sustainable standards subsequently, alternatively of earlier, in the design procedure is the cause of any added expenseaˆ? . [ 34 ] Even when the aˆ?extra cost ‘ is true, it is besides true that clients are frequently ready to pay more for cosmetic elements but non for, say, a more efficient boiler.1.6.3 The societal contextSustainable design is non an architectural exercising ; it refers to the built environment and therefore it can non boom without societal indorsement. Architecture has ever been repeating the dominant social values and forces, so the inquiry is whether today there is room for alteration: aˆ?To transform this activity from a alone one of counter-cultural rebellion into one of mainstream pa ttern requires merely a critical mass of people who take it for granted as the footing for technical/cultural meritaˆ? . [ 35 ] There are some marks that allow optimism, but the overall societal tendencies look instead black for a sustainable design flowering: A · _________________ In our epoch of aˆ?consumo ergo sumaˆ? , sustainable design sounds out of melody as euphoric consumerism inhibits motive for restraint. Clients demanding glistening energy-guzzlers are more influential than those inquiring for reasonable designs. Which school can develop its professionals for the hereafter while society looks the other manner? A · _____________________ About a century ago, Modernist thought was attesting extremist proposals, integrating both proficient and societal issues along with a distinguishable aesthetic idiom. Today, as aˆ?internationalism ‘ has been replaced by aˆ?globalization ‘ and aˆ?citizens ‘ by aˆ?consumers ‘ , most merchandises in the post-Modernist supermarket have short expire day of the months. Many current architectural theoretical accounts rest between show concern and practical world, and there is a deficit of real-life proposals offering an inspiring mentality for a future society and its architectural linguistic communication. Sustainability does hold the necessary ingredients and principle to go the footing of such thoughts, but it is still missing a plausible broadcast aˆâ€Å"and an watchful audience. A · ___________________ The apathy for the hereafter and the animadversion of sustainable proposals can possibly be explained: Alarming tendencies are all excessively apparent as jobs are swept under the aˆ?panem et circenses ‘ rug. The intensifying bad intelligence about the environmental jeopardies, triggered by human activities, lead to the denial of facts and the replacing of painful pragmatism by baseless optimism. Cipher likes Cassandras, and sustainable architecture is associated with their warnings. A · ______________________ The human impact on the environment is relative to population size, ingestion per capita, and resources or waste per ingestion unit ; therefore these three factors should be reduced if we are to accomplish a sustainable balance between nature and us. So far, we focus chiefly on the 3rd one -and that with fringy success. Decreasing the other two implies rough steps that cipher truly likes to confront. Again, sustainable propositions are straitening arrows to a acrimonious mentality.1.6.4 Counteracting lassitudeSo, even if architecture schools manage to short-circuit their obstructions and embed sustainability steadfastly in the course of study, and even if sustainable design overcomes its ain failings, there is still the critical checkpoint of societal credence. aˆ?Green ‘ designers need aˆ?green ‘ clients, otherwise their accomplishments are useless. Peoples brainwashed to devour more can non appreciate an architecture that requires less and wastes less albeit offering more. Equally long as show concern is a powerful political tool used to beef up today ‘s position quo, it will be hard for sustainable design to be more effectual in its existent consequences than, state, aˆ?Live Aid ‘ or aˆ?Make Poverty History ‘ runs. It is true that people do alter their position about the necessity of sustainability, although it is unsure to what extent they are ready to accept the effects and modify their manner of life consequently. But the gait of that alteration might be excessively slow compared with that of the environmental crisis, and cipher knows whether the dislocation will come easy like a long unwellness, or all of a sudden like a shot, without adequate clip to respond swimmingly. Therefore it is non plenty merely to present sustainable design classs at universities, or to heighten the public presentation of sustainable edifices. Alongside those pressing demands, it is every bit imperative to edify the populace about the virtues of sustainability and the hazards of aˆ?architecture as usual ‘ . Architects are the 1s who shape up the phase of our corporate and private lives ; hence they have the responsibility to make that with societal duty every bit much as regard to our cherished biotope aˆâ€Å"planet Earth.1.6.5 DecisionSustainability is a turning necessity that has to impact a broad scope of our societal precedences and aims, get downing with the credence of facts and, following, by recognizing that it is chiefly a socio-political instead than a proficient subject necessitating an earnest alteration of mentality. In that regard, sustainable architecture is non one more manner, a technique to salvage money, or a manner to decrease our ecological compunction. It is no less than an desperately needed response to semisynthetic environ-mental menaces. So far it has been hard to modify the architectural course of study efficaciously due to academic inactiveness, but schools have to admit forthcoming worlds in order to set learning topics and methods, and to transfuse sustainable spirit in the design attitude of future designers. This is a difficult undertaking as the mercenary dependence supports turning in our society, but is at that place another manner? Or we honestly believe that after a coevals we will still be constructing like today?1.7 Green UndertakingsA sustainable edifice, or green edifice is an result of a design doctrine which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource usage – energy, H2O, and stuffs – while cut downing constructing impacts on human wellness and the environment during the edifice ‘s lifecycle, through better posing, design, building, operation, care, and remotion. [ 36 ]1.8 The Future of Green BuildingsTo many in the edifice industry, investing in green edifice patterns may be a spring of religion. Further research and successful illustrations of sustainable edifice will progress this developing engineering and supply direct cogent evidence of its economic and health-related benefits, promoting its greater acceptance. More research is needed in life-cyc le cost analysis over the full spectrum of edifice fiction, ownership, operation, and reuse/disposal. As the information become more widespread and the impacts – including external costs associated with pollution, waste, and environmental-resource ingestion – of conventional patterns become better known, green edifice patterns will go more widespread. The green edifice motion has started to derive impulse. Each twelvemonth yields extra presentation undertakings ; tonss of new efficient and healthy engineerings ; and expanded research, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. This includes evaluation systems to measure a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation, enfranchisement plans for green edifice merchandises, and the acceptance of green edifice criterions and patterns by recognized standard-setting organisations. The handiness of progressively sophisticated computing machine package plans besides fosters the growing of green edifice patterns by doing it easier to place and measure options for a edifice undertaking. Other new tendencies and emerging constructs impacting the edifice industry include performance-based contracts, remanufacturing and merchandise leasing, telecommuting and aˆ?virtual offices, aˆ? and attempts to extenuate natural-disaster losingss through improved edifice patterns.2.1 Green Buil dings in Lebanon2.1.1 Charles Hostler Student Center by VJAA2.1.2 Two Residential Undertakings by Arch. Atef TabetAtef Tabet & A ; Associates Beirut-Lebanon merely completed the design and building of two separate big houses, 950 sq. metres each. Both houses are built on big sites around 12,000 sq. metre located in rural cragged countries one in Mount Lebanon, and the other to the South of Lebanon next to Mount Haramoun. [ 37 ]1st House at RemineDesign Methodology: The landscape and the architecture are intertwined intentionally as a cohesive, none dissociable entity, intermixing the interior of the house with its immediate out-of-doorss and the natural milieus. A regional and a sustainable architecture design attack with program layout to suit the client ‘s modern-day life manner. The combination of unsmooth / saw cut rock cladding aˆ?Eclateaˆ? , The slanted ruddy roof tiles, Zinc Ti curved signifiers combination stand foring a slang of a Mediterranean small town. The insulated exterior dual walls, clay/wood lofts, deep recessed dual glazed cedar wood Windowss and wooden treillages utilized in order to shadow and anneal the house interior environment, and prolong it comfortably with a dateless design signifier friendly to its immediate vicinity.2nd House at JawzatThe Interior Architecture i.e. material choice, coatings, and colour spectrum or palettes, every bit good as the furniture pieces that has been designed by the office and produced locally, were carefully applied and placed in order to implement the countryside Mediterranean ambiance. The construct for both houses is to hold a sustainable timeless manner, harmonious with the natural milieus and its immediate environment. [ 38 ]2.2 Lebanese Green Organizations2.2.1 MAJAL [ 39 ]MAJAL is an Academic Urban Observatory, advancing sustainable be aftering schemes in Lebanon. Part of Urban Planning Institute of ALBA – AcadA ©mie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts, Balamand University, MAJAL was established in the aftermath of the extremely destructive July 2006 war, in order to supply a scientific monitoring of the Reconstruction procedure direction. Since so, it expanded its mission and is carry oning undertakings related to urban planning and sustainability in general. We have achieved 3 studies on Reconstruction and carried out many expertness missions for municipalities and assorted local and international organisations.Mission:MAJAL ‘s work today consists in three types of activities: 1. Monitoring set of indexs on building procedure and sustainable planning 2. Technical support to determination shapers in the signifier of adept missions, confer withing services, preparation, or other specific undertakings in urban planning and development undertakings. 3. Advocacy, lobbying and consciousness elevation in the Fieldss of good administration, and sustainable planning.2.2.2 Lebanese Green Building Council [ 40 ]The Lebanon Green Building Council ( LGBC ) is an NGO that provides stewardship towards a sustainable built environment. It promotes, spreads and helps implement high public presentation building constructs that are environmentally responsible, healthy and profitable. LGBC acts on market, educational, and legislative issues to accomplish its ends. The LGBC is officially accredited as an â€Å" Emerging council † with the World Green Building Council. The LGBC aims to go a prima non-profit organisation working to advance the sustainable edifice industry of an international degree. Its members will strongly recommend sustainable edifices in the purpose of planing a built environment that allows future coevalss to profit from the natural resources that will be available to them. The purpose of the organisation is to supply a Lebanese enfranchisement system for edifices that adopt environmental parametric quantities and to transform the manner edifices and communities are designed into a comfortable environment that improves the quality of life.Mission:The LGBC shall endeavour:1. Identifying and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the design, planning, building and use of both new edifices and major redevelopment of bing edifices that achieve the end of sustainability. Populating infinites shall be created in an environmentally-friendly, resource-saving and economic manner that enhances the wellness and comfort of their users. 2. Attesting the edifices that achieve the fixed evaluation degrees and run into the demands of a sustainable built environment. 3. Identifying, inventing and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the planning, design, building, redevelopment, use, care and public presentation appraisal of edifices that aim to accomplish the end of sustainability as per the enfranchisement system set by the LGBC. 4. Developing & A ; advancing industry criterions, educational plans and design patterns, aiming professionals related to environmentally responsible edifices, persons and squads, and at all stages. 5. Conducting research and educational activities and prosecuting in buttonholing attempts to advance green edifice patterns and statute law. 6. Inventing and advancing tips and suggestions for sustainable life styles that enhance the proper usage, and continuing the unity of green edifices and detering aˆ?green washingaˆ? . [ 1 ] David Rodman and Nicolas Lenssen, aˆ?A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns Are Transforming Construction, aˆ? World Paper 124 ( Washington, D.C. , March 1996 ) . [ 2 ] Sustainable development definition from Civil Engineering Researches Foundation, Washington, D.C. [ 3 ] National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Civilian Industrial Technology, Subcommittee on Construction and Building, Construction and Building: Federal Research and Development in Support of the U.S. Construction Industry ( Washington, D.C. : National Science and Technology Council, 1995 ) [ 4 ] Building Design and Construction, aˆ?White Paper on Sustainabilityaˆ? , page 4, November 2006 [ 5 ] Ibid. [ 6 ] Ibid. [ 7 ] Ibid. [ 8 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/in_business/green_building.shtml [ 9 ] Building Design and Construction, op. cit. , page 4 [ 10 ] Building Design and Construction, op. cit. , page 4 [ 11 ] aˆ?Photovoltaic Fundamentalsaˆ? , www.fsec.ucf.edu/pvt/pvbasics [ 12 ] Building Design and Construction, op. cit. , page 4 [ 13 ] Ibid. [ 14 ] David Rodman and Nicolas Lenssen, aˆ?A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns Are Transforming Construction, aˆ? World Paper 124 ( Washington, D.C. , March 1996 ) , 41. [ 15 ] Ibid. , 39. [ 16 ] Based on conversations with Richard Bennette, Easy Bay SMUD ; Jane Ploeser, metropolis of Phoenix ; and Louis Generoso, metropolis of San Diego ( November 3, 1995 ) [ 17 ] American Water Works Association, Conservation Incentive Levels and Two Pilot Programs ( Denver, Colo. : AWWA, 1995 ) , 116 [ 18 ] Kats, Greg ; Alevantis Leon ; Berman Adam ; Mills Evan ; Perlman, Jeff. The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings, October 2003. [ 19 ] Lange, Jorg ; Grottker, Mathias ; Otterpohl, Ralf. Water Science and Technology, Sustainable Water and Waste Management In Urban Areas, June 1998. [ 20 ] Rochester Midland, Product Information Sheet, Form 550-A ( August 1993 ) , page 2. [ 21 ] Barbara Lippiatt and Gregory Norris, aˆ?Selecting Environmentally and Economically Balanced Building Materialsaˆ? National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 888, Second International Green Building Conference and Expositionaˆâ€  1995 ( Gaithersburg, Md. : National institute of standards and technology, 1995 ) , 37. [ 22 ] Lippiatt and Norris, 38. [ 23 ] Joseph J. Romm, Lean and Clean Management ( Kodansha International, 1994 ) , 102. [ 24 ] Romm, op. cit. , 94 [ 25 ] Jong-Jin Kim, Brenda Rigdon and Jonathan Graves, aˆ?Pollution Prevention in Architecture – Introductory Module ‘ , College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, 1998 [ www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/ARCHintIntro.pdf ] [ 26 ] Tony Brown, aˆ?Education for Sustainability: An operational theoretical account for learning sustainable design ‘ , Second Nature conference, aˆ?How Can The Architect Contribute To A Sustainable Worldaˆ? , August 24-26, 2001, Racine, Wisconsin [ www.ecosainstitute.org/philosophy.htm ] [ 27 ] European Association for Architectural Education ( EAAE ) , & A ; European Cement Association ( CEMBUREAU ) , aˆ?The Educational Community ‘s Views of Challenges in Architectural Education ‘ , 8 November 2001 [ www.eaae.be/eaae/Publications/cembureau/report121101.pdf ] [ 28 ] Jong-Jin Kim, op. cit. [ 29 ] Jong-Jin Kim, op. cit. [ 30 ] European Association for Architectural Education ( EAAE ) , op. cit. [ 31 ] Report of the UK Sustainability Special Interest Group on behalf of the Centre for Education in the Built Environment, May 2003 [ www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/learning/sig/pdfs/report.pdf ] [ 32 ] David Posada, aˆ?Designing A Way Out Of The Box: Teaching Sustainable Design With Technology ‘ , National Solar Energy Conference, Portland, Oregon, 2004 [ www.sbse.org/awards/docs/2004/214P.pdf ] [ 33 ] Same as 31 [ 34 ] David Posada, op. cit. [ 35 ] Society of Building Science Educators News, Spring 2002 [ www.vuw.ac.nz/architecture/sbse/spring_02/NewsSp02.pdf ] [ 36 ] Frej, Anne B. , editor. Green Office Buildings: A Practical Guide to Development. Washington, D.C. : ULI — The Urban Land Institute, 2005. Pp 4aˆâ€Å"8 [ 37 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.1stlebanon.net/editouk/atef.html [ 38 ] The official Website of the designer Atef Tabet ; www.ateftabet.com [ 39 ] MAJAL Official Website ; www.majal-lebanon.com [ 40 ] Lebanese Green Building Council Official Website ; www.lebanon-gbc.org